Impact of situational framing and complexity on charismatic, ideological and pragmatic leaders: Investigation using a computer simulation

Revisiting thework ofWeber [Weber,M. (1921).The theory of social and economic organizations. New York: Free Press],Mumford and colleagues (e.g., [Strange, J. M., &Mumford,M. D. (2002). The origins of vision: Charismatic versus ideological leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 343−377; Mumford, M.D. (2006). Pathways to outstanding leadership: A comparative analysis of charismatic, ideological and pragmatic leaders. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.]) explored the thesis that in addition to charismatic leadership, there exist at least two additional pathways to outstanding leadership: ideological and pragmatic. Despite the compelling results of initial studies, however, questions remain as to when and under what situational conditions these three leaders operate most effectively. As such, an experiment was conducted to investigate two noteworthy contextual influences: 1) situational congruencewith a leader'smentalmodel and2)environmental complexity. The experimentmade use of a computerized leadership simulation where participants took on the role of a university chancellor. Results indicate that leader type, complexity, and situational framing were critical factors in determining leader performance on multiple game performance criteria as well as creative process criteria. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.